Marketing Strategies For The Advertising - 1541 Words

The Persuaders looked different advertising strategies on how to effectively reach consumers. In a time when the price of an advertisement is going up, but the effectiveness of reaching the consumers is going down advertisers are left trying to figure out a way to reach consumers. This film looked at different strategies that were used in the past, and strategies that are currently being used to break through the clutter. Clutter refers to the amount of advertising a consumer is exposed to on a daily basis. The key to success as this film points out, is to break through that clutter and brand advertisements better than the competitor, while appealing to the consumer. Overall, this film looked at different areas of how advertising use to be about choice words, such as â€Å"better† â€Å"brighter† â€Å"tougher†. Then some companies decided to target an emotional appeal to the consumer. For example, the film uses the airline Song to specifically look at targeting the needs of women. The commercial that was constructed showed used an emotional appeal before showing different services that Song uses. Finally, the video talked about how the consumer wants to have a feeling of entitlement and being in charge. If an advertiser wants to be successful in this sense they need to make the consumer feel like the advertisement is specifically targeted to them. Overall, if a company wants to make good use of their advertising budget, they need to keep up with the new demands and changes in the behaviorShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy And Advertisements : Advertising1461 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Strategy and Advertisements It is hard to turn on the television without seeing marketing advertisements. Some ads are good and helpful while others are unethical and annoying. An individual will see advertisements for food, sanitary products, prescription drugs, and lawyers, to name a few, but this list could go on and on. All of these companies are trying to get you to use their service or purchase their products. A marketing campaign tries to sway the consumer by trying to satisfy aRead MoreCreating A Measurable Marketing And Advertising Strategy935 Words   |  4 PagesCreating a measurable marketing and advertising strategy, according to the article according to Anderson (2013)â€Å"Action Items† and there are leading edge trend in the integration of social media p. g. 1. The integration and â€Å"social media use† through using traditional marketing and advertising p. g. 1. The trends are in the form of according to Anderson (2013)â€Å"technology† p. g. 1. The strategy is â€Å" creating a measurable marketing and advertising strategy†. Using according to Anderson, (2013) â€Å"ActionRead MoreThe Ethical Marketing Strategy Of Pharmaceutical Advertising1451 Words   |  6 Pagesethical issues associated with this marketing strategy? Pharmaceutical advertisements has been the subject of deliberation for more than a century. Pharmaceutical advertising and marketing make up a large fragment of the activities of pharmaceutical corporations. These publications can be extremely informative as long as they are analytically evaluated. However, the data enclosed in promotional material may be scant or erroneous. Assuredly, the pharmaceutical marketing activities has a great effectRead MoreDesigning A Successful Web Advertising And Marketing Strategy Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesSearch engine marketing providers have increased in significance and there have been a number of traits enveloping the market. Most web optimization corporations are anticipated to know and perceive the algorithms created for serps, but solely few are in a position to crack it with precision. Some sites get extra guests than the others while some fail to get even some guests depending on their online presence. It is the major job of an search engine optimisation specialist to spice up the presenceRead MoreAmerican Snacks: Advertising Strategy and Marketing Goals603 Words   |  2 PagesDiscuss the companys advertising strategy and how it aligns with its marketing goals. American Snacks will use creative marketing communications to build consistent and meaningful dialogue with customers over time. Print advertising is cost-effective and will be used to generate the proper exposure and reach for the brand (Madden, 2010). A highly Americanized and stylish advertising campaign will be designed to capture attention and help to set the American Snacks brand apart from the competitionRead MoreAdvertising Strategy and Its Alignment With the Marketing Goals: Clear Vision Inc. Case Study1153 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Advertising Strategy and how it Aligns with its Marketing Goals Clear Vision, Inc. is currently focused on promoting its newest product Liquid-Drop Contact Lenses. The companys advertising strategy is going to address a series of aspects concerning the contact lenses industry, but it is mainly going to emphasize this products novelty and the resulting innovative attitudes that the masses need to employ with regard to it. Even with the fact that the company has a community of loyal customers,Read MoreFuture Marketing Concept1050 Words   |  5 Pagesthe changing world marketing is becoming more challenging and marketers are striving to find out new ways to keep pace with the more demanding markets. Future marketing will lead by the big ideas and innovations. Consumer will become knowledgeable about the products and their rights. It will change the consumer behavior and their patterns of consumption. Thousands of researches are conducting by marketing researchers to predict future market and develop the new ways of marketing. In this assignmentRea d MoreEssay on Marketing Strategies970 Words   |  4 Pageshttp://www.intel.com/jobs/careers/marketing/ http://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5256/Sales-Vs-Marketing-Whose-Job-is-it-to-Generate-Leads.aspx Content:  The decision content includes market opportunity analysis, brand development, advertising, pricing and basic sales force management decisions. It also includes a simplified profit analysis. Decisions by Quarter Quarter 1: Setup your company, evaluate market opportunities and prepare for test market. †¢ DetermineRead MoreProduct Line Of Microwavable Meals1136 Words   |  5 PagesFive (5) Year Expansion Plan The first year of operations will be dedicated to launching the initial product line of microwavable meals. The company will focus its efforts on the initial product launch and advertising. During the first year, the company will evaluate sales on a quarterly basis and assess the potential for new products. In the second year, the company will invest money in Research Development for brand extensions and new product lines. During the second year, the company willRead MoreHealthcare Marketing And Ethical Considerations928 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare Marketing and Ethical Considerations Marketing and advertising strategies have historically been an important avenue for businesses to reach target audiences. However, for the healthcare sector, marketing and advertising are a newer strategy. Thus, advertising regulations and ethical considerations have remained slow in comparison with technological growth and consumer interests. Progressing from an industry banned from advertising, to an industry where marketing has become crucial, has

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay - 1535 Words

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be one of 4 main kinds of dissociative disorders (DSM-IV): The essential feature of dissociative disorders is a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrative functions of identity, memory, or consciousness (8). If identity is the main function affected, the person is said to have DID. Most non-DID people have one identity comprised of many parts that work harmoniously together. They have only one I-function which consists of a conglomeration of thoughts and feelings formed from connections between many different brain areas. People with MPD, however, have a decentralized, internal†¦show more content†¦These substances induce glucose release and activate the immune system, enabling the organism to effectively deal with the stress. Chronic stress, however, such as repeated sexual abuse, decreases the effectiveness of this system. It has been hypothesized that when the system is bombarded with chronic stress, there is a malfunction in the negative feedback loop which goes from the neurohormones back to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. As a result, the system begins operating in positive feedback mode; increased cortisol release, for example, leads to increased cortisol production. The desensitization of the system causes the person to have an intense st ress reaction in the presence of even the smallest trigger. Abnormalities in the limbic system have also been implicated in this condition. This desensitized state exacerbates the dissociative process. In order to survive extreme stress, many children psychologically separate thoughts, feelings, memories, and perceptions of traumatic experiences (2). This coping method becomes increasingly ingrained the more frequent the abuse. The resulting highly conditioned, hypersensitive survival technique leads to impaired functioning. A person with a young child as one of his alters might bring out that child whenever there is even the slightest threat of an anxiety-provoking situation. In this way, if a traumatic event occurs,Show MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1194 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder distinguished by the existence of two or more distinct personality states. It is also known as DID or Multiple Personality Disorder. It is very rare, with only 20,000 to 200,000 known US cases per year. Currently, there is no known cure, but treatment can sometimes help. Many believe that DID can be caused by a significant trauma and is used as a coping mechanism to help avoid bad memories. The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2780 Words   |  12 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Imagine waking up in a new house, town, city, even state and not knowing how you got there. Now add onto that thought of forgetting almost a year of your life because someone else, or something, has taken over your body. That is just a look into dissociative disorders in general. Dissociative Disorders are ‘extreme distortions in perception and memory† (Terwilliger 2013). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), or previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, isRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2296 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines dissociative identity disorder (DID) as the occurrence of a minimum of two different personalities and maybe more than two. It also clarifies that the switching between the distinct personalities can be observed by the individual who is suffering from dissociative identity disorder or witnessed by others. (Barlow, 2014, P. 1). This disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder, which is more recognized and understood to peop le without a psychology background. This disorder can beRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other identities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. ThenRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a mental disorder where an individual experiences two or more distinct personalities. When an individual is diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, one personality has dominant control of an individual. This personality controls how a person may act and how they live everyday life. A person diagnosed with this disease may or may not be aware of their alternate personalities. Each personality is contrasting of each other withRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2158 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder† Through out the years there has been many disorders that continue to be diagnosed on people, many can be difficult to deal with. Some of these disorders can be uncontrollable and can make it harder on the patients who are trying to get better. Disorders are not sicknesses that can be cured and gone with a couple of doses of medicine, disorders are serious problems a person has to deal with usually if not for a large amount of time, it can be every day for the restRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1030 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Defining what is abnormal is not necessarily easy. There are many different criteria to determine what exactly is normal and what is abnormal. According to Ciccarelli and White (2012) as early as 3000 B.C.E. there have been human skulls found with holes in them. Archaeologists suspect this was caused because of the treatments they had years ago such as â€Å"trepanning†. Trepanning is done nowadays as well to remove extra fluids from the brain, as for years ago doctors didRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Personality )1254 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In any

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction Free Essays

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction. One of the most prolific and renowned poets in the literary world, Dickinson still remains largely a mystery. She is often labeled as a lifelong recluse who did nothing but sit in her attic all day and scribble poetry. We will write a custom essay sample on Emily Dickinson needs no introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Dickinson’s poetry reveals a soul keenly in tune with the human condition. The simple and always relatable poetry of Dickinson serves as her greatest autobiography, and as a testament to humanity itself. She was and remains the master of capturing emotion in a literary statue. Happiness, anger, envy, surprise—every feeling that man has ever felt flowed from Dickinson’s pen at some point. One subject contains all of these emotions, and this subject both haunted and fascinated Emily Dickinson throughout her life: death. The poet wrote passionately about death many times, but one poem—one image–in particular resonated with readers in its stark, memorable simplicity. In â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died,† Dickinson masterfully interweaves tone, style, and imagery to capture a speaker in the midst of life’s greatest questioning challenge†¦. its own conclusion. In the poem, life’s end is represented through the persona of a dying individual. The condition of the terminally ill speaker emerges through the poem’s compact, simplistic, yet conflicted structure and in its one powerful symbolic theme. Consider, for example, the simple sounds which recur and reinforce the speaker’s thoughts. Soft ‘w’ (â€Å"Was† (3), â€Å"were† (6), â€Å"when† (7), â€Å"witnessed† (8), â€Å"willed† (9), â€Å"what† (10), â€Å"with† (13), â€Å"windows† (15)) and ‘s’ (â€Å"signed† (9), â€Å"see† (16), â€Å"assignable† (11)) sounds give the language a sighing quality, perhaps the labored breaths of someone whose every breath is a precious commodity. Yet these soft sounds are accentuated by an aggressive assault of ‘st’ syllables (â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling†(13)), as if the speaker is struggling with a mental block of resistance. Death also looms in the aphoristic nature of the speaker’s language. With just a few well-chosen words (a dying breath)—â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"wrung† (5), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling† (13)—the speaker provides powerful insight into the complex feelings which accompany death. Who else but a dying person would understand the value of quality over quantity? This human conflict is further reinforced by the alternating long and short lines which constitute the final stanzas. While the opening stanzas form near-perfect boxes (the very symbol of control), the frenzied push-pull of the speaker’s closing thoughts offers a concrete snapshot of the inner turmoil that surrounds impending death. The moment of transformation for the speaker—from peaceful resolve to subtle panic—is highlighted by a â€Å"Dickinson Dash† (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) â€Å"†¦. Could make assignable,–and then/There interposed a fly† (11-12). Can the majesty of death be reduced to a mere fly’s presence? Is the majesty merely an illusion? (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†) The fly itself is the anchor symbol in a speaker’s mindset largely devoid of elaborate imagery (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†). Throughout the poem, the speaker eludes to a need for some magical spiritual fulfillment: â€Å"And breaths were gathering sure/For that last onset, when the king/Be witnessed in his power† (6-8). However, the only constant—the only true anchor—for the speaker as death approaches is the â€Å"uncertain, stumbl[ing], buzz[ing]†¦fly† (12-13). Does the small creature steal away the speaker’s peace by standing â€Å"Between the lights and me† (14)? Or does the fly’s final farewell (its auditory buzz) remind the speaker that he or she need not â€Å"see to see† (16). Does true sight come from the eyes, or does true sight—true light in fact—shine from a higher source? Perhaps the speaker’s musings are not random, but a confessed realization to the most enlightened audience of all, the Creator Himself. Why might one assume that the speaker is addressing God? First, and most simply, the speaker’s narrative occurs after death: â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† (1). Yet evidence for the speaker’s intended audience also appears on a deeper level. The abstract diction of the speaker suggests a metaphysical plane: â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"form† (3), â€Å"breaths† (6), â€Å"power† (8), â€Å"light† (14), â€Å"air† (3), and even the formless â€Å"buzz† (1). Further, the formal tone (â€Å"The stillness round my form† (2); â€Å"What portion of me I/Could make assignable† (10-11)) carried throughout the piece would likely be reserved for only the most respected and wise of listeners. In addition, the iambic trimeter rhythm (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) of the speaker’s words and the traditional ABCB rhyme scheme summons a classic adherence to timeless laws and beauty. A dying speaker and a celestial audience provide the most powerful backdrop for the poem’s ultimate theme: mental and spiritual conflict. How to cite Emily Dickinson needs no introduction, Papers

New Trends Reinventing Performance Management

Question: Discuss about theNew Trends for Reinventing Performance Management. Answer: Introduction The aim of this paper is to prepare a mini-literature review on one of the selected articles, Reinventing Performance Management. Performance management is a process in which the employees and management work together to monitor and review the work objectives. This paper presents a summary of the article and four key questions are presented. Further, a literature review is conducted in relation to the key questions identified in the article. The key question is linked with the keywords found in the research. Summary of Reinventing Performance Management Every business is concerned with the performance of its employees. The employees directly hit the bottom line of every organization. This article aims at reinventing performance management. The article begins with a critique of the batch style review process in which the managers evaluate the performance across different criterions. A study was conducted in which 4,492 managers were provided ratings by two bosses, subordinates and peers (Buckingham and Ashley 2015). It was found that there was 62% variance in the ratings due to peculiarities of perception (Buckingham and Ashley 2015). Therefore, it is very difficult to compare the ratings of different people. In this article, Buckingham and Ashley (2015) lay out an alternative way for performance management. This article addresses how Deloitte realized that the system for evaluating the work of employees, training, promoting and paying them accordingly was not in alignment with their objectives. The article further reviews the new system that shall have no 360-degree feedback tools, no annual reviews, and no cascading objectives. Deloitte requires speed, constant learning, agility and one-size-fits-one approach in the performance management system. Therefore, Deloitte relied on three aspects- a careful controlled study of their organization, review of research in the science of ratings and simply counting the hours. One factor that stands out the most while reinventing performance management at Deloitte is frequency. It is pointed out that the optimal frequency must be evaluated on a weekly basis. Also, regular check-ins must be initiated by the team members. Transparency is recognized as one of the major issues in the performance management process. Lastly, Buckingham and Ashley (2015) redesign Deloittes performance management system, calling it performance snapshot that helps the in reviewing performance accurately and reliably. Four critical components form the key research questions: What are the best ways to judge the employees performance that has a significant impact on your business? How is talent management correlated with building a high performance team? What are the benefits of following a one-size-fits-one performance management approach? What are a few tools that help can enhance performance management through enhanced engagement of employees? Literature Review What are the best ways to judge the employees performance that has a significant impact on your business? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), Deloitte adopted three ways to judge employees performance- a careful controlled study of their organization, review of research in the science of ratings and simply counting the hours. According to Spence and Keeping (2013), employee performance ratings are influences by several factors such as rater cognitions, measurement and rater volitions. The author describes the theory of planned behaviour in which a strong relation is established between intentions and behaviour. Performance appraisals are complex and the managers intentions of performance ratings is getting prominent. The study argues that the behaviour for each employee is rated. A numerical rating scale is beneficial as the organizations can customize the rating based on the importance of characteristics (Spence and Keeping 2013). However, when the managers give lower ratings to the employees, it may leave them disappointed. Ratings can help in comparing multiple employees and id entify the areas of improvement. Spence and Keeping (2013) have formulated a model that explains the rating intentions and integrates the justifications with the current appraisal processes. It is argued that the planned behaviour is a psychological theory for understand and predicting behaviour. This model is designed to avoid conflict that is the most common result in rating system (Spence and Keeping 2013). Therefore, rating system can be considered as one of the most effective techniques to evaluate employee performance. Without accurate evaluation of employee performance, their performance cannot be improved. How is Talent Management Correlated with Building a High Performance Team? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), the three items that have high correlation in a high performance team are- commitment to do quality work, motivation towards achieving organizational mission and opportunities to use the strengths. The article states that the most powerful item amongst the three is opportunities for the employees to use their strength. According to Vural, Vardarlier and Aykir (2012), every organization requires talented employees to maximize the organizational performance. It is not problematic to look for talent or manage them, but to offer them retention so that the performance can be high, permanent and sustainable. The study conducted by Vural, Vardarlier and Aykir (2012) was on 123 middle and senior managers. This study was conducted to understand the policies of the organization and measure the employee commitment. It is argued that organizational mission attracts talent and creating strategies to retain the talented employees in the organization. Tale nt management involves high motivation, high value and commitment. The research study showed results that talent management leads to high performance teams. The two hypotheses were proven- firstly, the organizational commitment level increases if the talent management can be integrated with performance evaluation; secondly, the level of organizational commitment is dependent on company types (Vural, Vardarlier and Aykir 2012). Therefore, retaining the talent is necessary in the organization for building high performance teams. The strengths of the talented employees must be used by retaining them that links to the main research question. What are the Benefits of following a One-Size-Fits-One Performance Management Approach? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), Deloitte reinvented its performance management approach to one-size-fits-one. The research study found that the employees are left waiting and powerless when one-size-fits-all approach is followed. According to Hou, Priem and Goranova (2017), the management must create standardized practices for the pay plans and align the employees pay according to the goals. The study is specifically focused on the pay plans of CEO. Hou, Priem and Goranova (2017) build theories proposing that CEO compensation varies over tenures and the over-standardization of their plans can be harmful for their shareholders. The research study had 500 companies as sample between the years 1998 to 2005 that compared size and firm performance (Hou, Priem and Goranova 2017). The research study shows the declining benefits to shareholders when the employees are paid compensation based on performance in the form of bonuses and options. It is argued that the increase in CEO te nure has an opposite effect on salary pay. The study finds that CEO pay types vary over the CEO tenure. It is found that the increasing standardization of CO pay plans can create a misfit between the shareholders and CEO interests. Therefore, the rich information may be withheld while designing the compensation for CEO (Hou, Priem and Goranova 2017). Therefore, the future of performance management relies on one-size-fits-one approach and not one-size-fits-all. The study links with the main research question as the firms are increasingly adopting the one-size-fits-one approach as the standardized approach is a misfit in the organization. What are a Few Tools that Help can Enhance Performance Management through Enhanced Engagement of Employees? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), the existing performance management approach did not drive employee engagement or high performance. According to Kromrei (2015), that annual performance appraisal process is ubiquitous in nature. There is a need to mitigate evaluation biases so that performance can be improved accurately. The annual performance appraisal process is not preferred by both the supervisor and employee. This study focuses on two participants to maximize the efficacy of the performance evaluation efforts in the organization. Firstly, Kromrei (2015) describes the evaluation rater in which the level of performance is evaluated. The ways to reduce biases are by raising awareness to potential biases. Also, performance dimension training can be provided to educate the raters. Further, Kromrei (2015) considers the individual performer in which self-assessment plays an active role. This engages the employees thereby providing competitive advantage. The employee participa tion can be increased by the self-appraisal process that reduces defensive behaviour (Kromrei 2015). Therefore, self-assessment and rating methods can help in engaging employees thereby reducing biases. Performance evaluation is an essential process, but it is necessary to increase trust in the process that are appreciated by all and improves evaluation outcomes. Conclusion Conclusively, this paper reviews the findings of several authors and researchers in relation to performance management. Like Deloitte, every organization in need must redesign its performance management system. Retaining the talent is necessary in the organization for building high performance teams. Rating system can be considered as one of the most effective techniques to evaluate employee performance. The future of performance management relies on one-size-fits-one approach and not one-size-fits-all. Self-assessment and rating methods can help in engaging employees thereby reducing biases/ References Buckingham, M. and Goodall, A., 2015.Reinventing Performance Management. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/04/reinventing-performance-management [Accessed 1 May 2017]. Hou, W., Priem, R. and Goranova, M., 2017. Does One Size Fit All? Investigating PayFuture Performance Relationships Over the Seasons of CEO Tenure.Journal of Management, 43(3), pp.864-891. Kromrei, H., 2015. Enhancing the Annual Performance Appraisal Process: Reducing Biases and Engaging Employees Through Self-Assessment.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 28(2), pp.53-64. Spence, J. and Keeping, L., 2013. The road to performance ratings is paved with intentions.Organizational Psychology Review, 3(4), pp.360-383. Vural, Y., Vardarlier, P. and Aykir, A., 2012. The Effects of Using Talent Management With Performance Evaluation System Over Employee Commitment.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp.340-349.

Agoraphobia Disorder or Panic Attack Essay

Agoraphobia Disorder or Panic Attack Essay Agoraphobia Disorder Essay Example Agoraphobia Disorder Essay Example Agoraphobia is a disease that is closely connected with the Panic Disorder. People with such disease are afraid to go into places or events where they have experienced panic or stress attack and anticipate it to happen again. Usually, a person who suffers from agoraphobia avoids visiting public places because he/she feels a need to escape or expects to be physically offended. Shopping centers, public transport and sports areas are the taboo places, which sick people refuse to visit. This paper discusses the clinical evolutionary learning of agoraphobia, its relation to PD and PA and causes of AG development. This paper explores six historical and social background publications that report on results from explorations conducted on different indications and classifications of agoraphobia disorder. However, the paper varies in DSM characteristics and AG relation to PA and PD neurosis. Wittchen et al. (2010) mentioned that only 23,5% of people suffering from PA developed agoraphobia and 50% developed PD. Despite various attempts to specify the features of agoraphobia, the assumptions still exclude each other. This paper discusses the clinical evolutional learning of agoraphobia, its relation to PD and PA and the contextual influences on AG development. Agoraphobia in Revision of the DSM and ICD The mid-80s were distinct by performed striking differences, such as self-rating tools, unstructured system and diagnostic without symptomatic focus. Panic attacks were directly associated with various disorders (substance and mood disorders, anxiety are actually not key identifications of agoraphobia or panic disorder). In addition, here is no large risk for PD or PA to be a result of agoraphobia disorder. According to DSM-IV-TR, only 2,4% of sick people developed PD and 11,6% developed PA. (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 118). A number of issues caused medical interest towards fears and phobias, including agoraphobia. First, it is connected with the high percentage of agoraphobia disorder among others forms of phobias. Second, the structural composition of the phobias is not constant. It is noticeable along with the affective, sensory, vegetative and dietary components. Third, agoraphobia is a disease that hardly passes without any treatment. The disease is more inclined to progression and needs a long-term treatment. The first time agoraphobia was mentioned in 1871 (Westphal’s classical description) as a paradigm for nervous disorders. Until the introduction of DSM-III-R, AG was identified in the medical literature as a regular phobia or neurosis. In 1970s agoraphobia was codified as a distinctive syndrome of multiple fears (ICD-9) and it retains the same codification today (ICD-10). In the USA, the agoraphobia within DSM system was considered a result of subdividing phobic nervous and anxiety disorder (DSM-III). The DSM-III has such symptoms as fear of being alone, avoidance of public places or panic attack when being there (especially under assumption of unavailable help in case of sudden incapacitations). In fact, the DSM definition is not very different from other learned disorders and the ICD explanation of agoraphobia, which is one of the disadvantages of the system. In 1980, agoraphobia was rather considered a form of panic attack (PA) than a special form of phobia. It was explained by temporary panic attacks on the initial phase of agoraphobia development and diagnostics omissions. The person developed an increased anticipatory fear of having panic attack and, therefore, in different ways tried to escape or avoid the indicators that cause them. The diagnosis of AG without panic attacks was made when the history of panic attacks was lost. Beginning from DSM-III-R, AG was described as a typical response to cases when PA had occurred. In addition, the AG in DSM-III-R was seen exclusively as a secondary complication and it was attached to panic attacks and panic disorders as an opposition to popular clinical and experimental achievements. According to Wittchen et al., â€Å"with consecutive DSM revision, the residual status of AG within the construct of PA and PD has been increasingly more pronounced† (2010, p. 115). DSM-IV-TR recognizes agoraphobia as impossible to code disorder. Alternatively, the panic disorder with agoraphobia or agoraphobia without the history of PD was provided within code disorders of agoraphobia similarity. The DSM-IV-TR is represented by complex differential diagnostic description with important considerations. It restricts the disease to people, who have AG related to fear of PD symptoms (e.g. diarrhea or dizziness). Thus, the specific diagnosis prescription was based on the definition o f two syndromes, including panic attacks (a complex of mental disorders) and agoraphobia (as a part of panic disorder or AG without the history of PD). Additionally, the discrepancy between DSM and ICD increased. The ICD-9 and ICD-10 retained agoraphobia as a separate disorder, not a form of PA or PD. The DSM-IV-TR defines agoraphobia in a different way than it was done before. In classical variations, the diagnosis was tied to PA or PD concepts. The DSM-IV-TR defined panic attack as a symptom. According to Barlow, â€Å"this conceptual development was based mainly on the observation in some studies, which use DSM-III-R criteria, AG patients without PA or extremely panic-rare features† (Barlow, 2002, p. 30). Thus, the assessment instruments and diagnostic criteria suspect the opinion that agoraphobia cannot be diagnosed without the context of panic-like symptoms or primary panic attacks. The implicit hierarchical DSM-IV made impossible to create systematic scheme as a productive solution, since the different diagnostic interviews and two discrepant medical criteria regress the treatment. It is important to mention that both panic attacks and PD are comorbid with agoraphobia. Some AG patients may develop their disease under the influence of panic-like symptoms and PA. On the other hand, the agoraphobia is an independent disease, the PA and PD are causally linked to agoraphobia and the clinical utility diagnoses AG as a separate disease. In addition, the researches on how to specify the explicit criteria to agoraphobia continue. One of the treatment disadvantages is that there is an undefined solution of how to diagnose patients whose DSM-IV-TR required symptoms of PD or PA were not noticed. There is a discussion whether in such cases it is better to diagnose NOS (anxiety disorder) or a DSM phobia. The general definition of the agoraphobia needs more specific characterization â€Å"and cues beyond the occurrence or fear of panic-like symptoms† like phobias (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 115). A mistaken omission makes it impossible to specify mandatory criteria. For instance, when a person recognizes that his fear is unreasonable, excessive and notices the exposure cases and impairment symptoms. A characteristic cluster must be defined when the agoraphobia syndrome covers two to four prototypical situations (as stipulated in the ICD-10 demand). DSM-IV-TR has no such characteristic that is why the DSM studies define the diagnosis without constant compulsory symptoms (Social or Specific Phobia). Overall, the DSM-III modified the diagnostic qualification of the agoraphobia. It was critically reexamined as overinclusive, since it did not restrict agoraphobia to obvious avoidance behavior. In DSM-III-R, agoraphobia was diagnosed, when a person experienced anxiety about having panic attacks, and avoided to be alone or in distress. Nevertheless, this idea can be neglected, because a person can travel alone despite the need of having somebody near. In addition, the classification of AG levels was omitted, including none, mild, moderate, severe. DSM-IV â€Å"is no longer the case with situational avoidance of equal footing with distress and use of companions† in establishment of the dichotomous diagnosis of agoraphobia (whether it is present or absent) (APA, 2000, p. 18). Schmidt and Cromer (2008, p. 161) criticized it, because the reduction of the agoraphobia specification from 4-point scale to present/absent dichotomous means that the last one is superior and has better organized assessment of phobias. As a result, the clinical utility and predictive value decreased. Thus, both opinions left the issue unresolved. One of the advantages is that now there are few options outline the key positions on agoraphobia in DSM-V. First, agoraphobia must be excluded as a classification diagnosis and become an additional part of PD. Second, AG must be recognized as a specific phobia. Then, the existing diagnostic categories must retain panic disorder without agoraphobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and agoraphobia without the history of PD. Finally, there must be more explicit diagnostic criterion for agoraphobia as a separate category. Clinical Evidence Since 1980s, the global medical explorations concentrated on the modified examination of panic disorder, panic attack and agoraphobia across the world. The criteria were chosen by the models of DSM-III, III-R and DSM-IV. The result demonstrated a spontaneous tendency that rates of agoraphobia without PD are higher than the ones with panic disorder. This factor includes both children and adults. In addition, it was found out that more than a half of the people who suffer from agoraphobia have no panic attacks. The studies had various amount of criteria, which caused assessment and methodological variations, but did not provide a definition of the true differences (like space and cultural influences). Thus, the studies of 1980’s (Diagnostic Interview Schedule – DIS, when even one AG case defined the diagnosis, were changed by the CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) were influential on the understanding of the agoraphobia. CIDI requires more than the case f or DSM-IV-R criteria, which caused the AG decrease by half and revealed less cases of panic disorder with agoraphobia. The USA studies demonstrate moderation of clinical settings, which has positive progressive impact on further treatment. The clinical practice rarely meets the cases of agoraphobia without the history of PD. C. Faravelli defined eight clinical studies, â€Å"seven with low sample sizes, citing four studies with not a single case of AG without panic and four studies reporting 2-31% of PA among AG patients† (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 117). PA, PD and AG Temporal Relationship Some studies attempted to define whether agoraphobia has constant relation to spontaneous panic attacks or panic-like symptoms. The clinical and epidemiological experiments and observations demonstrated no evidence for this assumption. The major amount of agoraphobics never experienced panic-like symptoms, PD or any other type of neurotic diseases that preceded the onset of AG. Furthermore, clinical retrospective studies used sensory methods to find prior clinical symptomatology. As a result, before the first panic attack more than a half of patients with agoraphobia had prodromal symptoms such as general anxiety and hypochondriasis. In addition, the research found considerable degree of discrepancy that failed. Nevertheless, it was observed that in up to 50% of all suffering from the AG, PA precedes agoraphobia, â€Å"providing some support for the assumed aetiopathogenic pathway implied in DSM-IV-R† (Wittchen et al., 2010, p. 118). In fact, the concept of panic-agoraphobia spectrum was not taken into consideration with further assuming of reciprocal connection (this aspect is not supported by epidemiological evidence). In advance, the prospective clinic investigations rarely can succeed. One of them described systematical symptoms of agoraphobia, panic disorder and panic attacks. Critical Methodology The evidence that panic-like symptoms and panic attacks frequently play an important pathogenic role in agoraphobia progression was not supported by epidemiological studies. The new methodological grounds proved that the diagnostic interviews were not valid. The experts suppose that those diagnostic tools that are based on background observations that agoraphobia without panic attack and panic disorder is rarely a priori in clinical samples are not able to assess panic issues with sufficient accuracy. Since 1900, a few publications partly neglected CIDI criteria. The main idea of the new algorithmic is requirement of minimum two reported situations before AG diagnosis prescription. A smaller amount of such cases is classified as phobia NOS. As a result of such modification, the general rates of agoraphobia, panic arracks and panic disorders were substantially reduced. Despite such methodological appraisals are considerably sophisticated, some researchers believe that there are omissions in this conception. Age, Gender and Socio-Demographic Issues There is no systematized and generalized description of age and gender difference between agoraphobia and panic disorder. There are few differences between such characteristics of PD and PA with and without agoraphobia. Female preponderance within AG without panic attacks was higher than for panic disorder (American Psychiatric Association, n. d.). The retrospective cross-sectional studies made a conclusion that two thirds of all panic disorder cases appear before 35 years old. There is a rare substantial incidence risk in childhood and adolescence. There are differences between PD with agoraphobia and AG without panic attacks, but there is no notable difference between agoraphobia and panic disorder under the age and gender context. It was noticed, that people who suffer from agoraphobia without panic disorder and PD/AG in most cases have no jobs or they are disable. This conclusion allows assuming that agoraphobia is more widely spread in developed countries with busy and stressful life styles. Thus, a powerful impact of stress a person can experience due to some situations has a very strong influence on nervous system with harsh consequences. Genetic and Familiar Factors The anxiety neurosis and panic disorders are different and, thus, the genetic factors cannot be always an indicator of the possible disease within defined family. Nevertheless, the parental history of agoraphobia and panic disorders can take the core role in further development of panic symptoms in the next generations. Moreover, it can cause development of other diseases or disorders that can be harder to treat due to the factors mentioned above. During the last few decades of medical investigations, it was notified that the higher risk of blood relatives to become AG patients is not confined to agoraphobia. There is a gap in differential algorithm of familial aggregation of agoraphobia and PA/PD. Additionally, the risk for panic disorder might be higher than for agoraphobia. Moreover, agoraphobia and liability of panic attacks cannot be suggested to be on one AG-panic continuum, since agoraphobia is not closely associated with PD aggregation. In more simple way, without any symptoms of PD, agoraphobia cannot be revealed. On the other hand, any parental panic disorder or hard agoraphobia increases the risk to develop anxiety symptoms in offspring. Wittchen et al. (2010) estimated heritability in 61% for agoraphobia and 43-48% for panic disorder (p. 121). The female disorders are more frequent due to possible physiological and hormonal peculiarity, which causes higher heritability. AG Treatment Few studies examined possible opportunities for optimized and effective treatment of all three conditions. The adequate treatment is a financial topic for discussion, because only 42, 1% of agoraphobia diagnosed without PD and 41, 2% of suffering from PD gets enough help. In addition, there are obvious differences between AG without PD patients and PD group, who are not supported by the governmental health care system and psychiatric treatment. Moreover, the panic disorders are more frequent than agoraphobia, which also influences patients to seek for different professionals, since each disease has different complications and characteristics. Furthermore, the situation depends on type and methods of the health care system. For example, the USA and Germany created a structure in a way that the psychotherapists care about AG without PA treatment, whereas PD is a specialization of psychiatrists. Panic disorder and panic attack rarely exist in pure forms. Both are closely associated with other common or somehow related diseases, such as mood, substance and somatoform disorders. In the context of possible transitions from one disorder to another, it was noticed that PAs are strongly connected with psychopathology, but not necessarily characteristic to PD, agoraphobia or other neurotic disorders. Moreover, some commonwealths were found to use substances for psychotic and anxiety disorders. In opposition, agoraphobia is rather connected with the depression and highest probability of anxiety neurosis. Thus, with regard to the issues within PD without AG, AG and PD, the epidemiological studies demonstrate the conclusion that agoraphobia (without panic attacks) and panic-like disorders reveal common disability findings. The most impairing and frequent conditions are PD/AG. There is little evidence of specific differences between agoraphobia without PD and PA. The special observations demonstrated that agoraphobia rather belongs to phobias category, and PA and PD are comorbid disorders. Previously, the treatment was general: there were typical clinical courses of establishments of the space limited type for those who were not able to get better. Sometimes such people were considered as the ones mentally sick who only pretend of being scared. In contrast, the clinical agoraphobia treatment is considered as persistent (SSRI, Benzodiazepines). The clinical agoraphobia treatment is considered as persistent. First, the treatment includes antidepressants (both short and long-term usage). Another important issue is connected with the treatment controversy, because some meta-analysis is biased to CBT alone rather than to pharmacotherapy. The domestic treatment of agoraphobia can be also used to treat PD with AG. In some medical traditions, it was found that pharmacological placebo is significantly more effective than relaxation or alprazolam. The exposure treatment of agoraphobia causes subsequent escape from panic and amelioration. Thus, the pharmacological tools are lacki ng in panic or AG neurosis treatment. Alternatively, it can be reduced by psychotherapeutic cognitive approaches. Agoraphobia developed among many famous people. For example, Horace Leonard Gold (a science fiction writer and editor) had a harsh form. After his wartime trauma, his disease did not allow him to leave an apartment for two decades. Only after hard non-traditional treatment he succeeded. Another person Brian Wilson (singer) also had AG and schizophrenia, but his treatment did not give any result. Those examples demonstrate that this disease can attack anybody and there is no guarantee it will be treated. Axis Issues The Axis model includes five parts that in complex provide a comprehensive diagnosis with full description of the symptoms and factors that affect mental condition. The Axis I describes general depressive/nervous disorder (major characteristics and observation). The Axis II is dedicated to identifying the frequency of disorder attacks. The third Axis describes physical problems that may be related to mental disorders and worsen the condition of the patient (panic, trauma or physical violation). The Axis IV is connected with any kind of threats and dangers (for example, a job loss). The Axis V estimates an ability to function in every fay life (occupational, social and psychological accommodation). Speaking about the multiaxial distinction of Axis I-III, there is no big difference in conceptualization. Physical or biological factors are not related to phobias or neurotic disorders. In addition, medical condition does not directly depend on physical peculiarities. Sometimes they can be controversial, a high-rated diagnosis result of the body functioning does not guarantee impossibility of mental disorder development. Practically, it can be observed in the information provided by the American Psychiatric Association. This establishment monitors the facts, treatment process and results of the AG diagnosis and treatment programs. An important issue is that the conception represents various groups of people whose disorder progressed (by age, gender, surrounding, occupation). For example, one of the hardest forms of agoraphobia was developed in Rita Clark’s social escape. The treatment included complex Axis diagnostics and after 20 years of panic and fear, a woman returned to normal life (American Psychiatric Association, n. d., n. p.). Agoraphobia is an independent form of phobia, characterized by frequent panic attacks, when a person appears in an uncomfortable surrounding. The DSM conceptions tried to conduct a constant algorithm of the symptoms and consequences of agoraphobia disorder. The studying process caused various discussions about the psychological relation of AG to PA or PD. Meanwhile, five phases of Axis were formulated, which allowed providing full diagnosis of the patient simultaneously. The treatment analysis demonstrated that the treatment must include both medical and psychological methods.

6 things you need to do before applying to your dream job

6 things you need to do before applying to your dream job Any of us who have spent time on the job hunt trail have been here before: While checking out job boards and researching companies who are hiring in our industry, you come across the coveted dream job- a posting that’s so perfectly aligned to what you’re looking for in your next career step that you can almost convince yourself that it was tailored precisely for you. Everything about it seems just right- a position with an industry-leading company who has a great reputation and culture, job responsibilities that really match what you’re looking to take on, and opportunities for lasting growth and success. In sum, what appears to be the perfect job. When we stumble across the dream job, we all know what happens next. A wave of anxiety washes over you like an unavoidable tsunami, with thoughts of all the great candidates who may have beaten you to the application punch, and fears that your window for applying may be closing and that your chances of getting the job may be slipping away with each passing moment.Yeah, we’ve all been here before, and at this point, you’re going to be struck with the urge to frantically rush to apply for the job before it’s too late. This is precisely the point where careless and unprepared candidates slip up and make the sort of mistakes that prevent them from being taken seriously by hiring managers. Don’t be one of these people.If you’re really intent on landing your dream job- or any job for that matter- then it’s in your best interest to slow down, take a moment, and make sure you take care of these 6 important things before applying.Review the postingMany candidates get so excited after reading a great job posting that they overlook key details, which often include specific instructions for how to apply. Rookie mistake- failing to comply with all application instructions can ruin your chances of being seriously considered for the position. Read the posting more than once to make absolutely sure that you have all of the details down cold.Review your application materialsSure, you want to get your resume and cover letter in for consideration before it’s too late, but incorrect, error-laden, or incomplete application materials are almost impossible to recover from. Trust us, taking the time to slow down and confirm, several times, that your materials are perfect and error-free is time well spent.Tailor your approachHaving a canned cover letter and resume for every job posting you come across is not your best approach, and savvy hiring personnel are going to notice. Crafting your resume and cover letter for every position you apply for and highlighting why you’re the ideal candidate for each specific company is a much better strategy for grabbing attention and getting your foot in the door for interviews.Answer the question â€Å"Why you?†The scary truth of the job world is that there are tons of qualified candidates for every open position, and candidates who don’t clearly demonstrate why they should be considered from all those among the candidate herd have little chance of standing out from the crowd. Make sure your application materials showcase your full potential value and detail why you’re a candidate to be reckoned with and taken seriously.Mind your social mediaMany candidates become so laser-focused on getting their application and materials just right that they forget to mind the other details- like making sure their public social media doesn’t contain anything that may hurt their chances. Checking a candidate’s social media footprint is industry-standard today, so make sure that anything hiring managers and personnel can see reflects as positively on you like your cover letters and resumes do.Don’t forget to re-reviewIt’s never a bad idea to take a little time to re-review your entire application package before sending it off to make sure it’s in perfect shape. If you can get a person you trust to review it with a fresh set of eyes, even better. Consider it a little extra insurance towards making sure that you’re doing everything you can to land an interview.If you’re hot on the job hunt trail and eager to land your dream job, make sure you take care of the 6 key things mentioned here before clicking â€Å"Send† for any application you submit.

High Performance Coaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

High Performance Coaching - Essay Example From a historical perspective, â€Å"the systematization of sports science support for football teams is a relatively recent development which all of the football codes have followed to varying degrees† (Reilly & Araujo 2005: 11). Coaches elevate their team’s performance through training and instruction. In soccer, the demands placed on the players are grouped as four interdependent components of the game: technique, tactics, fitness and psychology. For raising a team’s high performance potential to its maximum level, and for preventing it from getting weighted down by a weak component, coaching has to focus on improving each of the components. Although performance perfection is never attained in sport, teams can reach their highest peak performance level when all the players are simultaneously â€Å"One of the key principles of sports science is that learning is accelerated when practice activities succeed in replicating the demands of the game† (Daniel 2004: 1). This is termed as the principle of sports specificity. An example is that the ball is rarely stationary in open play, with intensive pace and flight of the ball and timing of the runs; therefore practising crosses using a stationary ball from only 20 yards out does not enhance the players’ skill in successfully executing crosses in a game where on a regulation size field the crosses will originate from further out. Similarly, receiving balls at the edge of the penalty area, and using a leisurely five or six touches to turn and prepare for a shot, does not help a forward to prepare for the demands of his position, because during a competitive match he will not be allowed as much time and space on the ball so close to goal. The high levels of fitness required by soccer players to meet the physical demands of a game, calls for fitness training that is multifactorial, covering the different aspects of physical performance in soccer.

Strategies of communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategies of communication - Essay Example The aforementioned points are important in all communicating situations whether one is transmitting persuasive, positive or negative messages. However, it must be noted that communication can be misinterpreted even if there is nothing wrong with the message due to a number of reasons. The research shows that implicit personality, logical error, the halo effect, stereotyping, differences in perception, incorrect filtering, language problems, poor listening, differing emotional states, differing backgrounds, information overload, message complexity, lack of trust, differing status, and closed communication climate can influence the process of decoding. I have been working, most of the time, in Marketing and Sales departments in different companies after completing my education. Marketing and Sales are generally considered a key department for all organizations as it generates revenues for the organization, which is vital for the survival of the organizations. Working in this department means that a person should have high communication and analytic skills because not only he holds meetings with external clients but also spends considerable time in holding meetings with various departments of the company. Almost six months ago, I changed my company and joined the current firm as General Manager where I have a team of 30 people. The climate of the organization was antagonistic and morale of the employees of the department was not very high when I joined the company.

Art History - Russian Impressionism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art History - Russian Impressionism - Essay Example The essay "Art History: Russian Impressionism" discovers the history of Russian Impressionism. It is important to note that very little is studied in Russia about the Russian Impressionism. The same case applies in other countries abroad. In the early twentieth century and the in the last third of the nineteenth century, a period of Impressionism was witnessed in a number of Western countries just like other forms of art movements like Expressionism and Classicism. Various versions of the Impressionism movement existed in different countries as each country came up with its own version. The Impressionism movement traversed worldwide as it pervaded all forms of music, theatre, literature and fine art influencing world philosophies and the vision of people of the world. It is significant to note that the Impressionism movement was against academism. This was informed by the belief by the Impressionists who affirmed that the everyday reality characterized by aesthetic value and beauty t hat was rich in colors and its continued change of state was more significant than academism. The impressionist artists rejected social criticism, plot and narrative. The impressionist artists captured all events in their observant and refined eyes. Their observant and refined eyes took note of anything in the society that was characteristic and unique in the flow of life that was uninterrupted in the transient moments. The Impressionist artists developed their own system of painting that was unique.

Key To Success For Implementation Of IMC

Key To Success For Implementation Of IMC The emergence of integrated marketing communications (IMC) has developed into one of the most significant example of growth and expansion in the marketing discipline (Kitchen, 2003). It has influenced acting and thinking among companies but also state owned companies, authorities and political parties, all facing the realities of rivalry in an open economy (Smith, 1996). Today, integrated communications has developed into an expansive discipline that links marketing to a number of other grounds, including corporate culture, corporate design, corporate communication and public relations (Christensen et al., 2008). IMC has received significant interest in both the practitioner and academic communities, since the beginning. The interest played to IMC is largely a purpose of its strong appeal which makes good sense. Its been more than a decade since the concept was first introduced but however most major businesses have yet to fully apply the ideas contained in the IMC. In fact Schultz, et. al. (1992) state that recognition of IMC has not been as rapid as they thought. The benefits of IMC that Smith et al. (1999) identified are the following: All of the market communications are controlled and managed by the IMC. IMC ensures that brand positioning, personality and messages are conveyed to each part of communication which are delivered from a single reliable strategy. It is said that Relationship Marketing strengthens a bond of devotion with consumers which can also protect them from the competition. It is a great advantage to keep a consumer for life. IMC can increase the sales by extending messages across numerous communication tools to generate more ways for consumers to be aware of the product and to make a purchase. IMC reduces duplication in photography and graphics as they can be shared in advertising and exhibitions. A single agency is used for all communications so the agency fee is reduced or even if many agencies are used, time is as meetings get all the agencies together for strategic planning or briefings. Thus, it decreases workload and stress levels. Successful IMC campaign needs to find the firm a correct mixture of promotional techniques and tools that define their tasks and the level to which they should be used, and manage their use appropriately. IMC helps in making the communications effective and efficient amongst companies through various concepts such as customer focus, customer empowerment, brand resonance, immersive marketing and emotional bonding. If correctly implemented, the IMC plan could collect data and implement response based on the previously gathered data. Marketing communications derived from the consumer need is able to build value into the service or product and divide it from the competition in the customers minds. BARRIERS TO IMC IMPLEMENTATION Marketers appear to be tired when it comes to modifying the change and investment in their approach to marketing communications. The discussion concerning what marketing communications can be predictable to accomplish has been going on for very long ( Ambler, 2000). In the middle of the rising identification that advertising; mostly in the grown markets mainly carries out a reminder purpose focused largely on protecting the existing market-share. Both the agencies and clients have challenges in generating and implementing the efficient communications agenda. All areas of the diverse marketing communication business carry on to face instability among the media, declining audience and the internet (Douglas, 2003). All this are making the companies reconsider the blend of marketing communication tools with consequences for the usual mass media which may not be capable to gather the wants of the 21st century customers and find their market shares wear down despite of the synergies occurr ing from tactical associations in the media business (Davis and Craft, 2000). Another concern is regarding the advertising practitioners where an occurrence of inside-out idea and practice overcomes (Kitchen and de Pelsmacker, 2004). There are various tactical subjects of concern in the broader discussion concerning the development of IMC along with the long term involvement to marketing practice and theory (Gould, 2000). Duncan (2005) advocated the tactical forecasting and examining of brand relationships is who as well said that priority ought to be given to their most important consumers. But, so far, there is very little proof of purchaser value being resolute by any segment of IMC (Garber and Dotson, 2002). In spite of huge investments, the relationship amongst the multiplicity of IMC and customers is not well understood. Though, observed evidence of the effects of mixtures of media, like print advertising and television (Jin, 2004) is rising. According to the consumer driven strategy, IMC is the main organization of all the brand contact points. Different levels exist, where such integration takes place. The different levels would be the following. Level 1 Tactical co-ordination Level 2 Redefining the scope of marketing communication Level 3 Application of IT Level 4 Strategic and Financial Integration Key to success for implementation of IMC IMC is a theory that must be implemented logically and simultaneously at all levels and functions of a corporation. Marketing functions and Public relations are not the only programs that are integrated which makes the company an example of IMC (Low, 2000). The key tip is to be careful of companies with strong marketing cultures, because topics like corporate reputation will take a back seat to the provincialism of brand management (Pettegrew, 2000). Functional and Structural issues must become a critical part of any effective IMC series. Of particular importance is beginning with a communication czar who will become the principles and evangelist of the IMC implementation attempt (Reid, 2005). Any IMC program must be personalized to the unique character of a particular organizational culture. For an IMC program to work successfully, it must reflect the distinctive culture in which it must function well. EXAMPLES: In spite of the demand, the IMC premise fails to take into account the way most companies are structured and functioned. Many corporations that are believed to be examples of IMC; fail to maintain the IMC principles on a company basis. The examples of Nike and Proctor Gamble will disclose that neither of these companies are functionally or structurally integrated public relations and employee communications with their marketing roles. NIKE Nike- the athletic footwear and attire manufacturer, has been cited as an example of IMC excellence and marketing. In a cover story from Fortune, (Hamel, 1997) states: Ask Nike- CEO Phil Knight what he likes to do best, and he does not falter a beat, he likes to break things. then in the 1980s, he turned his booming athletic shoe corporation into a marketing machine, saturating the airwaves with drastic commercials that highlighted emotion rather than the product. Schultz, et. al. (1992) publicized Nikes success in their IMC book: The thinking behind IMC is that every statement logo, price, promotion, label, distribution should be created to help convince the intention of the competitive advantage. Duncan and Caywood (1996) also include Nike among several companies that have been tremendously successful and based on observation, they are doing brilliant jobs of integrating their communication labors. Nikes breaking the marketing rules of the athletic footwear business which has come at a cost paid by its worldwide company reputation. Given these setbacks, one could argue that Phil Knights tactical wisdom for Nike is more alike to original advertising and horizontal integration than true IMC. There is a little proof that Nikes victory was achieved by the tactical management of all messages and media used by an organization to jointly influence its perceived brand value (Keegan, Moriarty Duncan, 1992). There are missteps that suggest Nikes marketing communications which may not be so ideal. For example, in 1997, Nike followed its patently bold and brash in your face marketing formula in an attempt to gain market share in an international soccer (Thurow, 1997). In Spain, an overwhelmingly Catholic nation, Nike introduced a commercial of Satan and his demons playing against a team of Nike endorsers. Spain refused to allow the commercial to air during primetime. Nike also placed an advertisement in Soccer American magazine saying: Europe, Asia and Latin America: Barricade your stadiums. Hide your trophies. Invest in some deodorant, as Asia and Latin America have been crushed. So will Europe. The world has been warned (Thurow, 1997). And finally, Nike ran an ad on British TV featuring a controversial French soccer player who detailed how spitting at a fan and insulting his coach had won him a Nike contract. Far from having an insight into the soccer market from the customers point of v iew and gaining ground against rival Adidas, Nike garnered a scathing editorial in the International Federation of Football Associations newsletter. Another recent evidence that says Nike is hardly the quintessential IMC company. Nike groped and allowed accusations of child-labor sweatshops in Asia that subcontract the manufacturing of Nike shoes to fester. In 1999, a team of journalists went to document the conditions for themselves, but Nike shut the factories. Prior to this series of incidents, widely published news stories detailed incidents in which poor children in the inner-city were robbing, stealing and seriously injuring peers to obtain expensive Nike shoes such as Air Jordans. Publicly Nike ignored these charges for years. Considering these two incidents, there was a genuine public relation crisis where any company engaged in lawful IMC could have anticipated before it became a crisis. Instead, Nike just kept on marketing until crisis overwhelmed it. Nikes power as an IMC example is, at best overstated. Harris (1998) argues: That master marketer of our times, Phil Knight, likes to point out that while an ad page in Sports Illustrated costs $150,000, no amount of money can buy the front cover where swoosh-bearing athletes appear with great frequency. The omnipresent swoosh has a 90 percent-plus awareness among consumers, enabling it to stand alone. Many seasoned public relations professionals are quick to admit that companies that live by extraordinary market exposure can also die by the same token. In a recent effort to distance itself from its public relations problems, Nike first tried to eliminate its swoosh from its marketing campaigns and replace it with a kinder-friendlier marketing approach that emphasizes fair labor practices, the global community and environment. PROCTER GAMBLE Procter Gamble (PG) is considered by academic scholars to be a world-class marketing company and is said to stand 6th in Fortunes Most Admired Companies 2010 list (Wikipedia). Similar to the Nike brand, PG possesses some of the most particular brands in the world like Tide detergent, Duncan Hines cake mix, Jiff peanut butter, Crest toothpaste and Cover Girl cosmetics. It also has dominant market share with many of its leading brands. Even though, PGs marketing command has a record of external internal communication mistakes suggestive of Nike. PG openly misused both the Rely Tampon crisis and allegations that their packaging sign recognized the companys satanic links. It was said that PG lost face openly and separated employees when it was exposed that the company had phone-tapped a few staffs they had assumed of revealing business information. This was followed by a job of dealing with some of the physiological effects of its new replacement, Olestra. Without bearing in mind the public comeback, they allowed their scientists to name the release of Olestra, anal leakage (Henkoff, 1996), raising an additional sign of public controversy. Recently, PG shot itself in the business reputational base again. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) declared to the media that PG anticipated to meet its earnings forecast for the end of the quarter. Few weeks later, new CEO, Durk Jager was forced to declare to the same media that they had incorrectly over-estimated their periodical income and that the business would fall very short of its periodical earnings forecast. Over the following week, the companys stock fell sharply as financial markets and shareholders lost faith in the respected company. The Board of Directors of PG then fired Mr. Jager. New CEO, A.G. Lafley must now try to recover the market share and end the defections of many of the companys finest and brightest to the hi-tech industry. Regardless of Harris (1998) categorization to the opposite, these exemplars explain just how far away PG has been working from the essential IMC state of speaking to all stakeholders with a single voice (Schultz, et. Al., 1992). THE PROBLEM WITH IMPLEMENTING AT THE HIGHER LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT Nike and PG do a wonderful job with the marketing side of IMC without incorporating their employee and public relation functions, their company reputations have suffered. IMC theory has given a short shrift to the organizational barriers that often avoid companies from implementing IMC effectively. BARRIERS BETWEEN THE COMPANIES [NIKE AND PG] I have argued that two companies Nike and Procter Gamble, fall far short of the IMC model. Neither company has effectively integrated its many communication functions seamlessly. Both companies are very strong in terms of marketing, but they remain weak in employee communications, public relations or both. The question is, how do companies like these miss the IMC mark? The answer would be to a great level in their organizational structures. Both- Nike and PG are marketing organizations, organized around product marketing. PG demonstrates a brand management association where both staff and line functions are positioned within a companys various brands or products. While, PGs organizational structure has developed over the years, staff communication functions such as public relations and employee communications are organized around and directly support each brand or group of brands. Brands get the most resources and use huge internal influence. Beginning in June 1999, PG undertook a new organizational proposal that created a unit called Global Business Services providing a centralized staff support service across all of its Global Business Units (GBUs). Prior to this idea, each brand unit had its own communication staff functions with little company-wide centralization and control. While Nike uses another form of organization, its purpose and structure still highlight marketing its products and services. CEO- Phillip Knight is Nikes marketing chief and until its recent reputational woes, exemplified its bold approach to the market (Thurow, 1997). Most of the marketing decisions are made by the heads of these business units without the kind of teamwork and central planning required by IMC. Staff communication functions like investor relations, public affairs and human resources have traditionally played support roles. CONCLUSION The concept of IMC is a good one but it only exists at lower level management and not the higher level management and reasons for it are very clearly stated in the passage above.

The Dramatic Effect of Act One Scene Five of William Shakespeares Rome

The Dramatic Effect of Act One Scene Five of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet In this essay I will explain how Act 1, Scene 5 is dramatically effective. Act 1, Scene 5 is the most important scene in the play because it is the scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet. This play is essentially about two families that are enemies, The Capulet’s and the Montague’s, Juliet is the daughter of Capulet and Romeo son of Montague during the play they fall in love. Right from the beginning the prologue tells us this play is a tragedy. We also know Act 1, Scene 5 is dramatically effective because we are told when Romeo and Juliet meet they will become: ‘Star crossed lovers’ We know it is doomed love because it also says: ‘Take their life’ ‘Death-marked love’ The drama is built up before Romeo and Juliet meet. Romeo is keeping to himself and prefers night to day. He is already in love with someone else. Rosaline but she doesn’t feel the same. It is shown in this quotation: ‘Well in hit you miss: She’ll not be hit with cupid’s arrow’ The audience is told that Paris wants to marry Juliet but her father disagrees because he feels she is too young, however he invites Paris to the party to win Juliet’s heart. This is shown by Capulet saying: ‘But woo her gentle Paris, get her heart,’ When Juliet is asked about marriage by Lady Capulet she feels differently: ‘It is a honour that I dream not of.’ One of the ways Shakespeare makes this scene dramatically effective is by making Romeo discover Rosaline has been invited to the Capulet party. Benvolio urges Romeo to go and they decide to gatecrash the party. ... ...s as Juliet asks the name of two other men before asking for Romeo’s. The audience feel they are being played by this story unfolding, and are very effective dramatically. There is dramatic irony as the nurse goes to find out Romeo’s name Juliet says: ‘If he be married.’ The audience know that love can lead to marriage and that can consequence in death for Juliet. Juliet has a dramatic reaction when she finds out Romeo is a Montague: ‘My only love sprung form my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late!’ Juliet has fallen in love with Romeo an enemy of her father. There is Dramatic irony that underlines the dramatic effect of the whole scene. In this essay I have clearly shown the different ways in which Shakespeare has made Act 1, Scene 5 dramatically effective throughout the play.

“An Indian Story” by Roger Jack Essay

In â€Å"An Indian Story† by Roger Jack is an example of family solidarity and care giving within a minority family. When Jack was just a young boy, his mother died, then his father remarried and started a new family that made the boy uncomfortable with his living situation. After that, he decided to go living with his late mother’s sister, Aunt Greta. It is an evident that even before he decided to move with Greta, Jack was very close to her when he stated, â€Å"I walked to Aunt Greta’s house and asked if I could move in with her since I had already spend so much time with her anyway†(53). This is our first example of the strong ties to extended family in this story. As the story progresses we learn that Greta has sacrificed not only for her nephew but for her father as well. Greta had been married for a long time but her husband just died five years into their marriage. The reason why Greta and her husband never had any children and she never remarried was because she took care of her father after her mother died. The fact that Greta looked after her father demonstrates another tight family bond and support for one another but it was also evident that the two share a close relationship. The author states, â€Å"She [Greta] had so much love and knowledge to share, which she passed on to me naturally and freely† (53). Hence, tradition was very important to Greta’s family as well as their Indian culture and Greta shared it with Jack. During the years, Jack and his aunt form an even stronger bond and she became a mother to him as they shared many adventures together.

A Division of Parody Productions Essay

1. FACTS: Parody Productions, LLC is a company that sale his playing cards over the internet. The product portrays well-known players from a sports team’s history. The plaintiff in this suit, Ronald Swoboda, is included in the New York Mets Hero Deck. Swoboda claims that he has never given Parody permission to use his image. He further contends that through his attorney he sent Parody a cease and desist letter. Parody refused to stop selling cards with Swoboda’s name and images. In response, Swoboda filed the instant lawsuit to enjoin Parody from the continued use of his name and likeness and for damages for violating his right to publicity, and, alternatively, damages for unjust enrichment. The trial court sustained the exception of lack of personal jurisdiction and this appeal followed. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay 2. ISSUE: The issue is â€Å"Did Court of Appeal of Louisiana approve lack of personal jurisdiction of an internet merchandiser?† 3. DECISION: Affirmed 4. REASONING: Since 1945, technology has advanced to such a degree that it is possible for sellers to reach consumers in their homes worldwide. The onset of the Internet has created a lapse between the method of doing business in 1945 and the legal system’s ability to keep up with technology. The â€Å"purposeful availment† requirement for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant ensures that it will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of a random, fortuitous, or attenuated contact, or by the unilateral activity of another party or a third person. In Quality Design, the court ruled that Tuff Coat’s website was a passive one, whereby information about its product was provided, but actual sales were arranged via telephone or mail.

How to choose the right employee benefits for you

How to choose the right employee benefits for you When you’re thinking about changing jobs or careers, salary is likely a huge component of your decision. After all, aside from the job itself, what you will earn is one of the most important factors for your personal bottom line. Yet it’s not the end-all-be-all of your employment package. Your job offer package will also include information about benefits, and your workplace will likely also come with perks and programs that are specifically open to you as an employee. Essentially, â€Å"benefits† are your total compensation package for your job. That includes salary, yes, but it also includes things like insurance coverage, time off, retirement plans, and work-life balance tools and programs. These are less tangible forms of compensation that can vary by company, and are often responsible for a lot of your job/company satisfaction. The paycheck is great, but it takes more than that to make a job feel like a good investment on your own part.Let’s look at s ome of the most common benefits. They often vary by company and your employment status (for example, part time jobs often offer fewer benefits than full-time jobs), but here are some of the benefits package highlights you may be considering as part of a job offer.InsuranceHealth Insurance is a big topic these days, to say the least- and that focus on employer-provided healthcare catapults it to the top of the list of important benefits to understand and consider as part of a new job. Health insurance is common for full-time jobs- less so for internships, contract gigs, or part-time jobs, but not unheard of. Employers typically have a contract with a specific insurance provider and offer employees a choice of plans within that insurance company’s options. The employer subsidizes some of the cost of the employee’s health insurance plan, with the employee typically paying a set amount per pay period to cover the plan costs. You may not be able to negotiate much on the hea lth insurance front because employers are required to provide certain options to all employees, but you can certainly ask about what kind of coverage and plans a company offers during the negotiation phase.Medical healthcare insurance is not the only type you may encounter: some employers also offer dental insurance, disability insurance, mental health insurance, vision insurance, or life insurance. Disability and life insurance can be especially important if there are risks associated with your job, so it’s important not to forget those when considering a benefits package.Vacation and Personal DaysAlong with insurance, vacation is the other crown jewel in the benefits crown. Employees need a break, and companies know that it’s in their interest to offer a certain number of paid vacation days per year. This can vary widely by industry and company, but vacation days are often a negotiation point if the company is unwilling to negotiate much on salary or insurance.When t hinking about vacation days, it’s essential to ask about how each company handles them:Do vacation days accrue throughout the year, or do you have your full number of vacation days on your start date/the first day of the year?Can you roll vacation days over if you don’t use them all in one year, or does the company have a â€Å"use it or lose it† policy stating that unused vacation time goes â€Å"poof† after a certain date?Does the company compensate the employee for unused vacation days if the employee leaves before the vacation days are used for the year?Additionally, the company may offer â€Å"personal† days off that aren’t necessarily vacation or sick days, but can be used for employees to attend to personal issues, like appointments or personal obligations.Flexible Work ArrangementsSome companies may offer alternatives to the 9-to-5-at-your-desk grind. For example, it might be possible to work remotely or to adjust hours to create a s horter work week to accommodate childcare, personal time, or other needs. (For example, working 10-hour days Monday through Thursday in order to have Fridays off.) This kind of benefit really depends on how the company is structured and the demands of your job. If you’re expected to be in the office for client meetings or to provide a particular service, this may be a non-starter. But if your job is heavily email-based or you can do it be teleconferencing in for meetings, it could be a good option.Flexible work arrangements are a good negotiating piece if the employer isn’t willing to budge very far on salary.Family BenefitsMany companies offer benefits geared toward employees with family obligations (children, taking care of relatives, etc.). This may mean on-site childcare or opportunities to work from home to spend more time with children. Many companies also have a relationship with specific daycare providers and can offer employees discounts or incentives.Itâ€⠄¢s important to note that companies cannot discriminate against employees based on family status, so it’s in your interest to take advantage of family-friendly benefits as necessary. And even if it’s not really a factor for you at the time you take a job, you never know if it will be something you need in the future, so it’s best to get a sense up front about your new company’s family policies.Some companies will also help pay adoption or foster care expenses for parents who choose this option for their families.Paid LeaveBy law (specifically, the Family and Medical Leave Act), companies that have more than 50 employees are required to provide up to three months of unpaid leave for a personal or family medical issue, and parental leave for the birth of a child. Additionally, some states have requirements about paid leave, so definitely check your state’s requirements.Beyond that, many companies have policies where they offer certain types of paid leave for personal reasons, going beyond the current laws. There may be paid leave for personal or family issues, as well as a certain number of weeks of parental leave when a child is born. And although many companies are now broadening paternal leave policies to match maternal leave, it’s important to see how- or whether- your company differentiates between the two when it comes to parental leave.Sick days often fall under this heading- some companies offer a certain number of paid sick days per year, while others don’t necessarily track the number of paid sick days until you hit a certain number.Retirement PlansLike health insurance, retirement investment plans are among the most common types of employment benefits you’ll see. In these plans (including 401(K)s, Roth IRAs, 403(B)s, and similar investment plans), employees can set aside a certain amount of their pre-tax salary toward retirement funds. Some companies also have a â€Å"matching† program, w here they’ll match an employee’s own contributions and contribute that same amount to the employee’s retirement account (usually capped at a set amount each year). This matching is not a given, however, so definitely ask as part of your initial benefits conversation with your company.These retirement plans often have strict rules, like penalties for withdrawing funds before the employee is a certain age or limits on how much can be contributed/withdrawn in a single year.Relocation ExpensesIf your new job is in your current town, great- you likely won’t need to uproot your life to take it. If you’re moving to a new place for this job, or changing locales in general, it’s important to ask about whether the company provides any relocation expenses. This can include covering moving costs like transportation, temporary housing, or other incidental costs that can come up in the course of moving from one place to another.If a company offers relocat ion expenses, it may offer a percentage of your initial salary, a flat amount marked for moving expenditures, or the entire cost of the move.Professional DevelopmentOnce a company has invested in you as an employee, it makes sense that they would also have an interest in making sure you grow and improve professionally. To that end, many companies offer built-in benefits geared toward helping you learn more about your field or picking up skills that will help you advance. This could be a yearly budget for attending seminars or conferences (including travel) or money earmarked for classes or other professional development programs. For example, it’s unlikely that your job will pay you to learn German if you won’t be visiting the Berlin office, but that management seminar might be an easy sell.Tuition ReimbursementIf you’re in school while also working, your company may offer a program that reimburses you for full or partial education expenses. This could be a stan dalone course or workshop, or full-time enrollment at a college or university. It’s more common to see official tuition reimbursement programs at big companies, but even small ones might be willing to negotiate flexible work time or reimbursement plans on a smaller level.If tuition reimbursement is relevant to you, it’s crucial to understand what the company’s policies are- for example, does the coursework need to be related to your specific job/field, or will they reimburse a broader range of classes?As you can see, benefits can help turn your job from â€Å"new job† into â€Å"established part of my life.† There are ways for a company to compensate beyond the bottom-line salary number, and the more you know about the different kinds of compensation, the more ammo you’ll have for negotiating for more and better benefits.

Globalization and Technology Changes in Starbucks Company Research Paper - 8

Globalization and Technology Changes in Starbucks Company - Research Paper Example Here the company has carefully expanded its products and expertise to reflect new channels, products, and markets. Today Starbucks Company proudly offers its newly acquired customers assorted iconic beverages as well as new menu choices that reflect their community preferences. Technological advancement has in the recent days proven as offering certain companies a competitive edge over other similar companies. Changes in technology have equally been associated with growth in the competitiveness. Starbuck Company takes this idea seriously and has been in the forefront initiating new technological operations. Using this technology Starbuck has realized benefits ranging from administrative functions, management of our supply chain, online business, point-of-sale processing and payment at the stores and online, Starbucks Cards. There is no doubt that technology has boosted Starbucks operations and profitability, thanks to its inherent effectiveness and efficiency elements. Globalization and technological changes have seen the Starbuck grow its market outside America to include the China and Asia Pacific segment and the Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) segment. The former segment at one point became the fastest growing market delivering about 27% of the total growth in 2013. Ideally, Globalization and technological changes allowed the company to increase its market and thus increase its Net Revenues from $9.8 billion in 2009 to $14.9 in 2013(STARBUCKS CORPORATION Fiscal 2013 Annual Report, 2014). Â  Starbuck success is no secret and no one can doubt its standing among its equals; however, there is still much room for better performance. Maybe one of the ways this company can ensure its returns go above –average is by keeping up the search for more distribution channels in its US market and offer a wide range of food to complement its beverage business. Such is the case that this move will increase the average customer check.

The Broadband market in Italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Broadband market in Italy - Research Paper Example In the third quarter of 2008 the broadband market subscribers was approximately 18 percent of the population. Italy has consistently been ranked as one of the countries with the lowest broadband penetration in Europe, the country lacked cable and DSL infrastructure and therefore market penetration was considerably low. The entry of other firms in the industry led into an increase in penetration and in 2005 Italy recorded the highest growth of broadband in Europe. Population growth rates in Italy have been decreasing over the last several years with current rates near zero. Major cities are densely populated and most of the population lives in flats and blocks that make FTTH and DSL more appropriate to provide broadband services. Vigevano(2002) pointed out that there were some barriers to the penetration of broadband in Italy and they included digital divide and lack of competition, this means that in rural area, broadband services were less profitable and therefore majority of the providers concentrated more in urban area. Government has not typically concerned itself with encouraging more s ophisticated use of the internet such as online transactions, and focus on European Computer Driving Licence(ECDL) provided to teachers, government employees, students this leads to increasing the awareness and skills of individuals. Vigevano(2002) points out that there are some barriers to the penetration of broadband in Italy, some of the factors that he highlighted include lack of capital to improve infrastructure, this hinders the growth of broadband in Italy. ... pointed out that there were some barriers to the penetration of broadband in Italy and they included digital divide and lack of competition, this means that in rural area, broadband services were less profitable and therefore majority of the providers concentrated more in urban area. Government has not typically concerned itself with encouraging more sophisticated use of the internet such as online transactions, and focus on European Computer Driving Licence(ECDL) provided to teachers, government employees, students this leads to increasing the awareness and skills of individuals. Vigevano(2002) points out that there are some barriers to the penetration of broadband in Italy, some of the factors that he highlighted include lack of capital to improve infrastructure, this hinders the growth of broadband in Italy. He also pointed out that there are regulatory issues that pose uncertainty regarding rights; another problem is digital divide whereby there is high adoption of broadband in certain area and in others low adoption and therefore firms concentrate only in large cities. According to House (2001) the shape of the S curve depends on the time period and saturation level and that the saturation level is less than 100%, he also states that saturation is driven by both the supply side and demand side, saturation level depends on the appropriateness of the technology and Economies of scale reducing prices increasing level of acceptance to peak. Estimated Level of Saturation The chart below summarises Penetration rate of Broadband in Italy from 2001-2008 Diagram 1: From the chart it is evident that broadband users(households and business) per 100 individuals has gradually increased over the years, it is also evident that in 2001 to 2002 is the introduction