Marketing Strategies For The Advertising - 1541 Words

The Persuaders looked different advertising strategies on how to effectively reach consumers. In a time when the price of an advertisement is going up, but the effectiveness of reaching the consumers is going down advertisers are left trying to figure out a way to reach consumers. This film looked at different strategies that were used in the past, and strategies that are currently being used to break through the clutter. Clutter refers to the amount of advertising a consumer is exposed to on a daily basis. The key to success as this film points out, is to break through that clutter and brand advertisements better than the competitor, while appealing to the consumer. Overall, this film looked at different areas of how advertising use to be about choice words, such as â€Å"better† â€Å"brighter† â€Å"tougher†. Then some companies decided to target an emotional appeal to the consumer. For example, the film uses the airline Song to specifically look at targeting the needs of women. The commercial that was constructed showed used an emotional appeal before showing different services that Song uses. Finally, the video talked about how the consumer wants to have a feeling of entitlement and being in charge. If an advertiser wants to be successful in this sense they need to make the consumer feel like the advertisement is specifically targeted to them. Overall, if a company wants to make good use of their advertising budget, they need to keep up with the new demands and changes in the behaviorShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy And Advertisements : Advertising1461 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Strategy and Advertisements It is hard to turn on the television without seeing marketing advertisements. Some ads are good and helpful while others are unethical and annoying. An individual will see advertisements for food, sanitary products, prescription drugs, and lawyers, to name a few, but this list could go on and on. All of these companies are trying to get you to use their service or purchase their products. A marketing campaign tries to sway the consumer by trying to satisfy aRead MoreCreating A Measurable Marketing And Advertising Strategy935 Words   |  4 PagesCreating a measurable marketing and advertising strategy, according to the article according to Anderson (2013)â€Å"Action Items† and there are leading edge trend in the integration of social media p. g. 1. The integration and â€Å"social media use† through using traditional marketing and advertising p. g. 1. The trends are in the form of according to Anderson (2013)â€Å"technology† p. g. 1. The strategy is â€Å" creating a measurable marketing and advertising strategy†. Using according to Anderson, (2013) â€Å"ActionRead MoreThe Ethical Marketing Strategy Of Pharmaceutical Advertising1451 Words   |  6 Pagesethical issues associated with this marketing strategy? Pharmaceutical advertisements has been the subject of deliberation for more than a century. Pharmaceutical advertising and marketing make up a large fragment of the activities of pharmaceutical corporations. These publications can be extremely informative as long as they are analytically evaluated. However, the data enclosed in promotional material may be scant or erroneous. Assuredly, the pharmaceutical marketing activities has a great effectRead MoreDesigning A Successful Web Advertising And Marketing Strategy Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesSearch engine marketing providers have increased in significance and there have been a number of traits enveloping the market. Most web optimization corporations are anticipated to know and perceive the algorithms created for serps, but solely few are in a position to crack it with precision. Some sites get extra guests than the others while some fail to get even some guests depending on their online presence. It is the major job of an search engine optimisation specialist to spice up the presenceRead MoreAmerican Snacks: Advertising Strategy and Marketing Goals603 Words   |  2 PagesDiscuss the companys advertising strategy and how it aligns with its marketing goals. American Snacks will use creative marketing communications to build consistent and meaningful dialogue with customers over time. Print advertising is cost-effective and will be used to generate the proper exposure and reach for the brand (Madden, 2010). A highly Americanized and stylish advertising campaign will be designed to capture attention and help to set the American Snacks brand apart from the competitionRead MoreAdvertising Strategy and Its Alignment With the Marketing Goals: Clear Vision Inc. Case Study1153 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Advertising Strategy and how it Aligns with its Marketing Goals Clear Vision, Inc. is currently focused on promoting its newest product Liquid-Drop Contact Lenses. The companys advertising strategy is going to address a series of aspects concerning the contact lenses industry, but it is mainly going to emphasize this products novelty and the resulting innovative attitudes that the masses need to employ with regard to it. Even with the fact that the company has a community of loyal customers,Read MoreFuture Marketing Concept1050 Words   |  5 Pagesthe changing world marketing is becoming more challenging and marketers are striving to find out new ways to keep pace with the more demanding markets. Future marketing will lead by the big ideas and innovations. Consumer will become knowledgeable about the products and their rights. It will change the consumer behavior and their patterns of consumption. Thousands of researches are conducting by marketing researchers to predict future market and develop the new ways of marketing. In this assignmentRea d MoreEssay on Marketing Strategies970 Words   |  4 Pageshttp://www.intel.com/jobs/careers/marketing/ http://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5256/Sales-Vs-Marketing-Whose-Job-is-it-to-Generate-Leads.aspx Content:  The decision content includes market opportunity analysis, brand development, advertising, pricing and basic sales force management decisions. It also includes a simplified profit analysis. Decisions by Quarter Quarter 1: Setup your company, evaluate market opportunities and prepare for test market. †¢ DetermineRead MoreProduct Line Of Microwavable Meals1136 Words   |  5 PagesFive (5) Year Expansion Plan The first year of operations will be dedicated to launching the initial product line of microwavable meals. The company will focus its efforts on the initial product launch and advertising. During the first year, the company will evaluate sales on a quarterly basis and assess the potential for new products. In the second year, the company will invest money in Research Development for brand extensions and new product lines. During the second year, the company willRead MoreHealthcare Marketing And Ethical Considerations928 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare Marketing and Ethical Considerations Marketing and advertising strategies have historically been an important avenue for businesses to reach target audiences. However, for the healthcare sector, marketing and advertising are a newer strategy. Thus, advertising regulations and ethical considerations have remained slow in comparison with technological growth and consumer interests. Progressing from an industry banned from advertising, to an industry where marketing has become crucial, has

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay - 1535 Words

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be one of 4 main kinds of dissociative disorders (DSM-IV): The essential feature of dissociative disorders is a disturbance or alteration in the normally integrative functions of identity, memory, or consciousness (8). If identity is the main function affected, the person is said to have DID. Most non-DID people have one identity comprised of many parts that work harmoniously together. They have only one I-function which consists of a conglomeration of thoughts and feelings formed from connections between many different brain areas. People with MPD, however, have a decentralized, internal†¦show more content†¦These substances induce glucose release and activate the immune system, enabling the organism to effectively deal with the stress. Chronic stress, however, such as repeated sexual abuse, decreases the effectiveness of this system. It has been hypothesized that when the system is bombarded with chronic stress, there is a malfunction in the negative feedback loop which goes from the neurohormones back to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. As a result, the system begins operating in positive feedback mode; increased cortisol release, for example, leads to increased cortisol production. The desensitization of the system causes the person to have an intense st ress reaction in the presence of even the smallest trigger. Abnormalities in the limbic system have also been implicated in this condition. This desensitized state exacerbates the dissociative process. In order to survive extreme stress, many children psychologically separate thoughts, feelings, memories, and perceptions of traumatic experiences (2). This coping method becomes increasingly ingrained the more frequent the abuse. The resulting highly conditioned, hypersensitive survival technique leads to impaired functioning. A person with a young child as one of his alters might bring out that child whenever there is even the slightest threat of an anxiety-provoking situation. In this way, if a traumatic event occurs,Show MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1194 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder distinguished by the existence of two or more distinct personality states. It is also known as DID or Multiple Personality Disorder. It is very rare, with only 20,000 to 200,000 known US cases per year. Currently, there is no known cure, but treatment can sometimes help. Many believe that DID can be caused by a significant trauma and is used as a coping mechanism to help avoid bad memories. The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2780 Words   |  12 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Imagine waking up in a new house, town, city, even state and not knowing how you got there. Now add onto that thought of forgetting almost a year of your life because someone else, or something, has taken over your body. That is just a look into dissociative disorders in general. Dissociative Disorders are ‘extreme distortions in perception and memory† (Terwilliger 2013). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), or previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, isRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2296 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines dissociative identity disorder (DID) as the occurrence of a minimum of two different personalities and maybe more than two. It also clarifies that the switching between the distinct personalities can be observed by the individual who is suffering from dissociative identity disorder or witnessed by others. (Barlow, 2014, P. 1). This disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder, which is more recognized and understood to peop le without a psychology background. This disorder can beRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other identities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. ThenRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a mental disorder where an individual experiences two or more distinct personalities. When an individual is diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, one personality has dominant control of an individual. This personality controls how a person may act and how they live everyday life. A person diagnosed with this disease may or may not be aware of their alternate personalities. Each personality is contrasting of each other withRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2158 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder† Through out the years there has been many disorders that continue to be diagnosed on people, many can be difficult to deal with. Some of these disorders can be uncontrollable and can make it harder on the patients who are trying to get better. Disorders are not sicknesses that can be cured and gone with a couple of doses of medicine, disorders are serious problems a person has to deal with usually if not for a large amount of time, it can be every day for the restRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1030 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Defining what is abnormal is not necessarily easy. There are many different criteria to determine what exactly is normal and what is abnormal. According to Ciccarelli and White (2012) as early as 3000 B.C.E. there have been human skulls found with holes in them. Archaeologists suspect this was caused because of the treatments they had years ago such as â€Å"trepanning†. Trepanning is done nowadays as well to remove extra fluids from the brain, as for years ago doctors didRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Personality )1254 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In any

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction Free Essays

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction. One of the most prolific and renowned poets in the literary world, Dickinson still remains largely a mystery. She is often labeled as a lifelong recluse who did nothing but sit in her attic all day and scribble poetry. We will write a custom essay sample on Emily Dickinson needs no introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Dickinson’s poetry reveals a soul keenly in tune with the human condition. The simple and always relatable poetry of Dickinson serves as her greatest autobiography, and as a testament to humanity itself. She was and remains the master of capturing emotion in a literary statue. Happiness, anger, envy, surprise—every feeling that man has ever felt flowed from Dickinson’s pen at some point. One subject contains all of these emotions, and this subject both haunted and fascinated Emily Dickinson throughout her life: death. The poet wrote passionately about death many times, but one poem—one image–in particular resonated with readers in its stark, memorable simplicity. In â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died,† Dickinson masterfully interweaves tone, style, and imagery to capture a speaker in the midst of life’s greatest questioning challenge†¦. its own conclusion. In the poem, life’s end is represented through the persona of a dying individual. The condition of the terminally ill speaker emerges through the poem’s compact, simplistic, yet conflicted structure and in its one powerful symbolic theme. Consider, for example, the simple sounds which recur and reinforce the speaker’s thoughts. Soft ‘w’ (â€Å"Was† (3), â€Å"were† (6), â€Å"when† (7), â€Å"witnessed† (8), â€Å"willed† (9), â€Å"what† (10), â€Å"with† (13), â€Å"windows† (15)) and ‘s’ (â€Å"signed† (9), â€Å"see† (16), â€Å"assignable† (11)) sounds give the language a sighing quality, perhaps the labored breaths of someone whose every breath is a precious commodity. Yet these soft sounds are accentuated by an aggressive assault of ‘st’ syllables (â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling†(13)), as if the speaker is struggling with a mental block of resistance. Death also looms in the aphoristic nature of the speaker’s language. With just a few well-chosen words (a dying breath)—â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"wrung† (5), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling† (13)—the speaker provides powerful insight into the complex feelings which accompany death. Who else but a dying person would understand the value of quality over quantity? This human conflict is further reinforced by the alternating long and short lines which constitute the final stanzas. While the opening stanzas form near-perfect boxes (the very symbol of control), the frenzied push-pull of the speaker’s closing thoughts offers a concrete snapshot of the inner turmoil that surrounds impending death. The moment of transformation for the speaker—from peaceful resolve to subtle panic—is highlighted by a â€Å"Dickinson Dash† (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) â€Å"†¦. Could make assignable,–and then/There interposed a fly† (11-12). Can the majesty of death be reduced to a mere fly’s presence? Is the majesty merely an illusion? (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†) The fly itself is the anchor symbol in a speaker’s mindset largely devoid of elaborate imagery (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†). Throughout the poem, the speaker eludes to a need for some magical spiritual fulfillment: â€Å"And breaths were gathering sure/For that last onset, when the king/Be witnessed in his power† (6-8). However, the only constant—the only true anchor—for the speaker as death approaches is the â€Å"uncertain, stumbl[ing], buzz[ing]†¦fly† (12-13). Does the small creature steal away the speaker’s peace by standing â€Å"Between the lights and me† (14)? Or does the fly’s final farewell (its auditory buzz) remind the speaker that he or she need not â€Å"see to see† (16). Does true sight come from the eyes, or does true sight—true light in fact—shine from a higher source? Perhaps the speaker’s musings are not random, but a confessed realization to the most enlightened audience of all, the Creator Himself. Why might one assume that the speaker is addressing God? First, and most simply, the speaker’s narrative occurs after death: â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† (1). Yet evidence for the speaker’s intended audience also appears on a deeper level. The abstract diction of the speaker suggests a metaphysical plane: â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"form† (3), â€Å"breaths† (6), â€Å"power† (8), â€Å"light† (14), â€Å"air† (3), and even the formless â€Å"buzz† (1). Further, the formal tone (â€Å"The stillness round my form† (2); â€Å"What portion of me I/Could make assignable† (10-11)) carried throughout the piece would likely be reserved for only the most respected and wise of listeners. In addition, the iambic trimeter rhythm (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) of the speaker’s words and the traditional ABCB rhyme scheme summons a classic adherence to timeless laws and beauty. A dying speaker and a celestial audience provide the most powerful backdrop for the poem’s ultimate theme: mental and spiritual conflict. How to cite Emily Dickinson needs no introduction, Papers

New Trends Reinventing Performance Management

Question: Discuss about theNew Trends for Reinventing Performance Management. Answer: Introduction The aim of this paper is to prepare a mini-literature review on one of the selected articles, Reinventing Performance Management. Performance management is a process in which the employees and management work together to monitor and review the work objectives. This paper presents a summary of the article and four key questions are presented. Further, a literature review is conducted in relation to the key questions identified in the article. The key question is linked with the keywords found in the research. Summary of Reinventing Performance Management Every business is concerned with the performance of its employees. The employees directly hit the bottom line of every organization. This article aims at reinventing performance management. The article begins with a critique of the batch style review process in which the managers evaluate the performance across different criterions. A study was conducted in which 4,492 managers were provided ratings by two bosses, subordinates and peers (Buckingham and Ashley 2015). It was found that there was 62% variance in the ratings due to peculiarities of perception (Buckingham and Ashley 2015). Therefore, it is very difficult to compare the ratings of different people. In this article, Buckingham and Ashley (2015) lay out an alternative way for performance management. This article addresses how Deloitte realized that the system for evaluating the work of employees, training, promoting and paying them accordingly was not in alignment with their objectives. The article further reviews the new system that shall have no 360-degree feedback tools, no annual reviews, and no cascading objectives. Deloitte requires speed, constant learning, agility and one-size-fits-one approach in the performance management system. Therefore, Deloitte relied on three aspects- a careful controlled study of their organization, review of research in the science of ratings and simply counting the hours. One factor that stands out the most while reinventing performance management at Deloitte is frequency. It is pointed out that the optimal frequency must be evaluated on a weekly basis. Also, regular check-ins must be initiated by the team members. Transparency is recognized as one of the major issues in the performance management process. Lastly, Buckingham and Ashley (2015) redesign Deloittes performance management system, calling it performance snapshot that helps the in reviewing performance accurately and reliably. Four critical components form the key research questions: What are the best ways to judge the employees performance that has a significant impact on your business? How is talent management correlated with building a high performance team? What are the benefits of following a one-size-fits-one performance management approach? What are a few tools that help can enhance performance management through enhanced engagement of employees? Literature Review What are the best ways to judge the employees performance that has a significant impact on your business? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), Deloitte adopted three ways to judge employees performance- a careful controlled study of their organization, review of research in the science of ratings and simply counting the hours. According to Spence and Keeping (2013), employee performance ratings are influences by several factors such as rater cognitions, measurement and rater volitions. The author describes the theory of planned behaviour in which a strong relation is established between intentions and behaviour. Performance appraisals are complex and the managers intentions of performance ratings is getting prominent. The study argues that the behaviour for each employee is rated. A numerical rating scale is beneficial as the organizations can customize the rating based on the importance of characteristics (Spence and Keeping 2013). However, when the managers give lower ratings to the employees, it may leave them disappointed. Ratings can help in comparing multiple employees and id entify the areas of improvement. Spence and Keeping (2013) have formulated a model that explains the rating intentions and integrates the justifications with the current appraisal processes. It is argued that the planned behaviour is a psychological theory for understand and predicting behaviour. This model is designed to avoid conflict that is the most common result in rating system (Spence and Keeping 2013). Therefore, rating system can be considered as one of the most effective techniques to evaluate employee performance. Without accurate evaluation of employee performance, their performance cannot be improved. How is Talent Management Correlated with Building a High Performance Team? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), the three items that have high correlation in a high performance team are- commitment to do quality work, motivation towards achieving organizational mission and opportunities to use the strengths. The article states that the most powerful item amongst the three is opportunities for the employees to use their strength. According to Vural, Vardarlier and Aykir (2012), every organization requires talented employees to maximize the organizational performance. It is not problematic to look for talent or manage them, but to offer them retention so that the performance can be high, permanent and sustainable. The study conducted by Vural, Vardarlier and Aykir (2012) was on 123 middle and senior managers. This study was conducted to understand the policies of the organization and measure the employee commitment. It is argued that organizational mission attracts talent and creating strategies to retain the talented employees in the organization. Tale nt management involves high motivation, high value and commitment. The research study showed results that talent management leads to high performance teams. The two hypotheses were proven- firstly, the organizational commitment level increases if the talent management can be integrated with performance evaluation; secondly, the level of organizational commitment is dependent on company types (Vural, Vardarlier and Aykir 2012). Therefore, retaining the talent is necessary in the organization for building high performance teams. The strengths of the talented employees must be used by retaining them that links to the main research question. What are the Benefits of following a One-Size-Fits-One Performance Management Approach? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), Deloitte reinvented its performance management approach to one-size-fits-one. The research study found that the employees are left waiting and powerless when one-size-fits-all approach is followed. According to Hou, Priem and Goranova (2017), the management must create standardized practices for the pay plans and align the employees pay according to the goals. The study is specifically focused on the pay plans of CEO. Hou, Priem and Goranova (2017) build theories proposing that CEO compensation varies over tenures and the over-standardization of their plans can be harmful for their shareholders. The research study had 500 companies as sample between the years 1998 to 2005 that compared size and firm performance (Hou, Priem and Goranova 2017). The research study shows the declining benefits to shareholders when the employees are paid compensation based on performance in the form of bonuses and options. It is argued that the increase in CEO te nure has an opposite effect on salary pay. The study finds that CEO pay types vary over the CEO tenure. It is found that the increasing standardization of CO pay plans can create a misfit between the shareholders and CEO interests. Therefore, the rich information may be withheld while designing the compensation for CEO (Hou, Priem and Goranova 2017). Therefore, the future of performance management relies on one-size-fits-one approach and not one-size-fits-all. The study links with the main research question as the firms are increasingly adopting the one-size-fits-one approach as the standardized approach is a misfit in the organization. What are a Few Tools that Help can Enhance Performance Management through Enhanced Engagement of Employees? According to Buckingham and Ashley (2015), the existing performance management approach did not drive employee engagement or high performance. According to Kromrei (2015), that annual performance appraisal process is ubiquitous in nature. There is a need to mitigate evaluation biases so that performance can be improved accurately. The annual performance appraisal process is not preferred by both the supervisor and employee. This study focuses on two participants to maximize the efficacy of the performance evaluation efforts in the organization. Firstly, Kromrei (2015) describes the evaluation rater in which the level of performance is evaluated. The ways to reduce biases are by raising awareness to potential biases. Also, performance dimension training can be provided to educate the raters. Further, Kromrei (2015) considers the individual performer in which self-assessment plays an active role. This engages the employees thereby providing competitive advantage. The employee participa tion can be increased by the self-appraisal process that reduces defensive behaviour (Kromrei 2015). Therefore, self-assessment and rating methods can help in engaging employees thereby reducing biases. Performance evaluation is an essential process, but it is necessary to increase trust in the process that are appreciated by all and improves evaluation outcomes. Conclusion Conclusively, this paper reviews the findings of several authors and researchers in relation to performance management. Like Deloitte, every organization in need must redesign its performance management system. Retaining the talent is necessary in the organization for building high performance teams. Rating system can be considered as one of the most effective techniques to evaluate employee performance. The future of performance management relies on one-size-fits-one approach and not one-size-fits-all. Self-assessment and rating methods can help in engaging employees thereby reducing biases/ References Buckingham, M. and Goodall, A., 2015.Reinventing Performance Management. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/04/reinventing-performance-management [Accessed 1 May 2017]. Hou, W., Priem, R. and Goranova, M., 2017. Does One Size Fit All? Investigating PayFuture Performance Relationships Over the Seasons of CEO Tenure.Journal of Management, 43(3), pp.864-891. Kromrei, H., 2015. Enhancing the Annual Performance Appraisal Process: Reducing Biases and Engaging Employees Through Self-Assessment.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 28(2), pp.53-64. Spence, J. and Keeping, L., 2013. The road to performance ratings is paved with intentions.Organizational Psychology Review, 3(4), pp.360-383. Vural, Y., Vardarlier, P. and Aykir, A., 2012. The Effects of Using Talent Management With Performance Evaluation System Over Employee Commitment.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp.340-349.